Leon S. McGoogan Health Sciences Library
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McGoogan News

AI Hallucinations with Citations

It is becoming increasingly common for researchers to turn to generative AI chatbots like ChatGPT to help them with their projects. While tools like ChatGPT certainly have their uses, they are not good for finding sources for your articles or essays. In fact, a recent study explored the two latest versions of ChatGPT. The authors found that of the articles generated by GPT-3.5, 98.1% of them were fabricated. GPT-4 is better at finding sources, but 20.6% of the articles it generated were determined to be fake.

When generative AI sites generate/produce inaccurate or false information responses, the responses are called “hallucinations.” Chatbots hallucinate for a few reasons: the data the models train on may be biased or incomplete, plus they are predictive and generate new content. However, there are safeguards to verify accuracy.

Chatbots tend to hallucinate citations in various ways. It could entirely fabricate a citation including author, article title and journal. Or perhaps it will use a journal title known for content on a subject and generate a fake article that would be credible for that journal. Or it might take an author known to be an expert in that field and hallucinate an article under their name.

Fortunately, there are ways to tell if a source produced by ChatGPT or another chatbot is fabricated. You can search for the article title with quotes around it in Google or Google Scholar and see if you can find it. You can also look for the journal title and see if the citation matches the volume, issue, and page numbers for the journal. Alternatively, you could do an internet search for the article’s author and see if you can find a publication list.

ChatGPT may not be great for finding sources, but it can be helpful for generating keywords for your topic that you can then use in one of the library’s many literature databases. Chatbots can also help with grammar or sentence structure, much like the Writing Center @ UNMC. Don’t forget that McGoogan liaison librarians are here to help you find the sources you need for your research. If you need help, schedule a meeting with an Education & Research Librarian or email AskUs.

Blog Author
Katie Bishop, Associate Dean

Guest Speaker to Cover Shakespeare’s Influence on Disability

Event: Disability as Both a Source of Marginalization and a Tool for Agency in the Work of William Shakespeare 
Date: Monday, February 24, 2025 
Time: Noon–1 p.m. CST
Location: Zoom

This program is presented in conjunction with the exhibition “’And there’s the humor of it!’ Shakespeare and the Four Humors,” created by the National Library of Medicine and on display at McGoogan Library (Level 6) through March 15. An online exhibition is also available. 

Historically disability is ignored or absent in literature, art, culture, and media. While limited, representation of disability has been critiqued for perpetuating both inaccurate and demeaning stereotypes, leading to prejudice and discrimination against the disability community. William Shakespeare’s works often reflect the complex attitudes toward disability present in early Modern England. While not explicitly defined by Shakespeare, his works explore disability through a variety of characters and themes, reflecting both the prejudices and attitudes toward disabled people during this time.   

During this program, Davi Kallman, PhD will review the two most prominent and modern models of disability (medical and social models) and will discuss how Shakespeare’s work has influenced the creation of both these widely accepted models.  

Additionally, she will discuss how Shakespeare’s plays contain references to disabilities and non-normative bodies. This includes a review of these common themes addressed by disability and media scholars in William Shakespeare’s work:  

  • 1) Disability as a Marker of Character 
  • 2) Empathy and Humanity of Disability 
  • 3) Social Stigma and Marginalization of Disability 
  • 4) Disability as a Source of Power or Agency 

Lastly, she will reflect on how Shakespeare’s treatment of disability is multifaceted, blending prejudices of his era with moments of insight and empathy toward the disabled community. While his works do not advocate for progressive understanding of disability by modern standards, they offer nuanced portrayals that ask us to reflect on our own understanding of the social and personal implications of non-normative minds and bodies.   

About Dr. Davi Kallman

Davi Kallman, PhD is a Mexican, Jewish, Disabled Woman whose intersecting identities amplify her advocacy for traditionally marginalized communities. She is a published author, an award-winning speaker, and a powerful institutional change-maker.  

Dr. Davi Kallman is the District Dean of Student Engagement at Pierce College in Lakewood Washington. Kallman also serves as Pierce College’s 504/ADA Coordinator. In this role she works with Pierce College District students, faculty, and staff to ensure that student disability rights are upheld. In her spare time, she serves as an adjunct Professor of Communication at Tacoma Community College (TCC).  

She earned her PhD in Health Communication from the Edward R. Murrow College of Communication at Washington State University, following her master’s and bachelor’s degrees in communication from the University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP). Dr. Kallman leverages her expertise in media literacy and other interventions to dismantle stereotypes in institutional settings, fostering environments that are more inclusive and equitable.  

A key part of her journey has been informed by her own experiences as a dyslexic individual. Her work reflects her commitment to ensuring that individuals with disabilities—both visible and “hidden”—receive the support they need to thrive. Dr. Kallman’s experiences inform her vision for a more inclusive and accessible higher education system.

“And there’s the humor of it!”

“And there’s the humor of it!” Shakespeare and the Four Humors explores the language of four humors and their influence in Shakespeare’s plays. English poet and playwright William Shakespeare created characters that are among the richest and most humanly recognizable in all of literature. Yet Shakespeare understood human personality and health in the terms available to his age—that of the now-discarded theory of the four bodily humors—blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm. The exhibition features rare books from the collection of the National Library of Medicine and the Folger Shakespeare Library. 

This exhibition is open now through March 15 on Level 6 of McGoogan Library. The exhibit space is open to UNMC and Nebraska Medicine communities through 24/7 badge access. Questions about the exhibit can be directed via email to the Robert S. Wigton Department of Special Collections and Archives. 

The National Library of Medicine produced this exhibition and companion website. 

Library Elevators to be Closed for Maintenance Work

The elevators located in McGoogan Library and Wittson Hall will be closed on Monday, January 27 from 1–3 a.m. for maintenance work. Individuals are asked to enter and exit through the main stairwell during this time.

Thank you for your understanding.

Online Discussion Series Around AI is Back

“What’s New in AI at UNMC?”— a monthly online discussion series that provides a chance to talk with colleagues across UNMC about how they have encountered or integrated AI in their work—is back! Take a look at the schedule below and mark your calendar. 

This series is open to all UNMC colleagues and will be conducted via Zoom.   

“What’s New in AI at UNMC?” schedule:  

  • Wed., January 22 | 9–10 a.m. CST via Zoom 
  • Wed., February 26 | 9–10 a.m. CST via Zoom 
  • Wed., March 26 | 9–10 a.m. CDT via Zoom 
  • Wed., April 23 | 9–10 a.m. CDT via Zoom 
  • Wed., May 28 | 9–10 a.m. CDT via Zoom 

Previous discussions have included topics: reviews of current AI projects at UNMC, updated AI policies and protocols, and emerging topics in the field of generative AI.   

“What’s New in AI at UNMC?” is brought to you by the UNMC AI Task Force co-chairs, Rachel Lookadoo, JD (College of Public Health) and Emily Glenn, MSLS (McGoogan Health Sciences Library). 

This series follows the UNMC AI Task Force work, contributes to a “community of practice.” 

Look back at the 2024 Generative AI at UNMC | Summer Symposium. 

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